Lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune condition that affects multiple systems in the body, often leading to unpredictable flare-ups and periods of remission. It is the most common form of lupus and is associated with significant morbidity and, in some cases, mortality. SLE frequently targets the skin, joints, kidneys, and other vital organs.

Other variations of lupus include chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, drug-induced lupus, and neonatal lupus.

What is the estimated global prevalence of lupus?

Lupus affects over 5 million people globally. Approximately 90% of those diagnosed are female, with onset typically occurring between the ages of 15 and 44. Prevalence is notably higher among individuals of African American, Hispanic, and Asian American decent, highlighting the importance of tailored awareness and diagnostic strategies in these populations.

Is the cause of lupus known?

The etiology of lupus remains unclear, but it is widely accepted to be multifactorial. Genetic predisposition, environmental triggers (such as ultraviolet light and viral infections), certain medications, and hormonal changes – particularly during puberty, childbirth, and menopause – are all thought to contribute to disease onset.

How is lupus diagnosed?

Diagnosing lupus is complex due to its diverse and evolving clinical presentation. No single test confirms SLE. Diagnostic tests include full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, renal and liver function tests, urinalysis, and, when indicated, imaging or biopsy.

What treatment options are available for lupus?

Therapeutic strategies for lupus are tailored based on disease severity, organ involvement, and symptom burden. First-line therapies often include hydroxychloroquine, which is recommended for all patients to reduce flares and long-term damage. Other treatments may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics. The goal is to achieve remission or maintain low disease activity while minimizing treatment-related toxicity.

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