Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group of progressive eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, typically due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). The most common types include primary open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma, each with distinct pathophysiological features. IOP rises when aqueous humor accumulates in the anterior chamber, typically due to impaired drainage. As pressure builds, it compresses the optic nerve, gradually leading to vision loss. Although glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in adults over 60, timely diagnosis and management can preserve vision.

What is the prevalence of glaucoma?

Globally, glaucoma affects approximately 80 million people, and almost half remain undiagnosed. By 2040, it is projected to cause blindness in around 22 million people. These figures highlight the urgent need for improved screening and awareness.

What symptoms are commonly associated with glaucoma?

Most forms of glaucoma develop silently, without noticeable symptoms. Many patients are diagnosed during routine eye examinations. However, in some cases – such as angle-closure glaucoma – symptoms may appear suddenly and include intense eye pain, redness, blurred vision, halos, headache, and nausea or vomiting.

What are the causes of glaucoma?

While the precise etiology of common glaucoma remains unclear, elevated IOP is a key risk-factor. Lowering IOP remains the cornerstone of treatment and has been shown to slow disease progression.

What treatment options are available for glaucoma?

Glaucomatous damage is irreversible, but early diagnosis, consistent monitoring, and timely treatment can significantly slow or prevent further vision loss. Treatment options include topical eye drops, oral medicines, laser therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches. Emerging therapies, such as neuroprotective agents, are also being explored.

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